Modified Gradient Techniques for Normalized Solution Vectors

We de ne a technique that is found to be useful when dealing with solution vectors (i.e., chromosomes) that must be normalized before evaluation. Normalized vectors can be either trivially manipulated or trivially interpreted, but not both. This paper studies some modi ed gradient techniques for both bit and oating point representations that have been successfully used at ARCO on some real world problems where other optimization techniques have failed.